Control Diabetes Care & Cause Of Diabetes

 Diabetes

Diabetes medicine


A disease in which the amount of sugar in the blood is high is called diabetes. If there is a deficiency in the production or function of the hormone called insulin, diabetes occurs.

Types of diabetes

१) Type I Diabetes

  • Pancrease Beta-cell destruction
  • Complete lack of insulin
  • Especially in children and adolescents (mostly seen in <15 years).
  • Relying on insulin to survive
  • May be associated with other autoimmune conditions such as: See vitiligo
  • Ketone bodies may appear in urine.

२) Type II Diabetes

  • Overtly visible diabetes
  • Usually appears after age 40 and has a gradual onset
  • Someone in the family may have seen it.
  • Along with obesity, metabolic syndrome, Acanthosis nigricans etc can be seen
  • Not autoimmune
  • No need to rely completely on insulin except in the last case.

3) Gestational Diabetes

  • If a woman does not have diabetes before, the increase in blood sugar at 24-25 weeks of pregnancy
  • can affect the health of both the mother and the child. Marw
  • This should include a healthy diet, physical activity and medication as needed.
  • But in some, there is a possibility of developing Type II DM in the next 5-10 years.

4) Other specific types of diabetes due to other causes

  • such as: defects in Beta-cell function, genetic defect in insulin action, decrease of the exocrine pancrease (eg. cystic fibrosis )
  • Drug or chemically inducted diabetes (eg. in the treatment of HIV/AIDS or after organ transplantation)

Causes and Risks of Diabetes

Habits related to

  • smoking and tobacco use, alcohol use, 
  • unhealthy diet, obesity and lack of physical activity

Metabolic causes

  • High blood pressure, Dyslipidaemia / Hyperlipidaemia

Physical age (45 years or more)

Hereditary: If someone in the family has diabetes (1st degree relatives)

Any medications

Diseases of the pancreas gland and pregnancy

History of insulin resistance, strokes or hypertension

Symptoms of diabetes

  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia,
  • Polyphagia
  • Burning urine
  • Body becoming lazy
  • Fatigue even when doing normal work
  • Flickering hands and feet
  • Blurred vision
  • The mouth is dry
  • Losing or losing body weight

How to diagnose diabetes?

To diagnose diabetes, at least 2 times the amount of sugar should be more than the following limits.
milligrams

What should be checked in diabetes?

There are two main purposes of diabetes screening. 

1. See Sugar Control

  • Sugar and HbA1C are checked to find out whether diabetes is under control.

2 To see the side effects of diabetes (Target Organ Damage):

  • It should be found out whether diabetes has badly affected any organ.

Therefore, heart, kidney and eye tests should be done mainly.

  1. Complete Blood Count
  2. Sugar, HbA1C and Cholesterol
  3. Examination of urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and urine
  4. Eye examination
  5. Chest X-ray, ECG, ECHO (if required)
  6. Thyroid Function Test (TFT), Liver Fudsion Test (LFT)

Prevention and Control of Diabetes (Sugar Control)

Control of diabetes

physical activity

Control over food

Drug use

  • It is very important to have a balance of these three aspects for the control of diabetes. If one of these aspects is not coordinated, diabetes will not be well controlled.
  • If diabetes is not controlled, the amount of sugar can be high (Hyperglycemia) or low (Hypoglycemia). Diabetic patients have to take daily amount of medicine, certain food and daily physical activity. Calories obtained from food should be expended by physical activity. Medicines bring the remaining sugar under control.

Diabetes Care

  1. Check for sugar control Check HbA1C every 3-3 months and check FBS or PP as per doctors advice
  2. Blood pressure check
  3. Cholesterol screening Regular checkups 3 to 6 months apart
  4. Urine and creatinine tests should be done every 6 months

Medicines used in diabetes

  • Type 1 diabetes requires insulin.
  • Oral medicine is used in Type 2 diabetes. If sugar is not controlled by oral medication, insulin is given. Medicines used in diabetes are of the following types.

  1. o Sulfonylureas: Glimepiride, Glibenclamide
  2. o Meglitinide: Repaglinide
  3. o Glucagon like peptide 1: Exenatide
  4. o Biguanide: Metformin
  5. o Thiazolidinediones: Pioglitazone

Complications of Diabetes

Diabetes affects almost all important organs of the body. Especially it has a bad effect on important organs like heart, kidney, brain, blood vessels and eyes. Complications of diabetes are found to be more in patients without it.

  • Stroke
  • Loss of vision Retinopathy
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Proteinuria
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Diseases of large and small blood vessels
  • Neuropathy
  • Diabetic Foot



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